An Exercise in Identifying Paragraph Breaks in Essays

An Exercise in Identifying Paragraph Breaks in Essays This activity will give you practice in paragraphingorganizing sentences into brought together passages in a lucid exposition. InstructionsWhen initially distributed in 1913, this entertaining article by Homer Croy was separated into 17 passages. The paper has been republished here with no line spaces or indentations.Either all alone or in a gathering, choose where the section breaks ought to be, and be set up to clarify why. When youre done, contrast your adaptation of the article and the first form of Bathing in a Borrowed Suit. Remember that numerous plans are conceivable and that your variant of the paper may have more than or less than 17 paragraphs.â Washing in a Borrowed Suit by Homer Croy (1883-1965) The craving to be seen on the sea shore in an obtained swimming outfit isn't so solid in me as it once might have been. An associate, under the appearance of fellowship, baited me out to his sea shore one day, saying that he had full rights to the most famous sea on the planet. I had heard his sea complimented, and I acknowledged. Tragically I neglected to take my swimming outfit, yet he said that that was nothingthat he had one that would fit me as the paper on the divider. As I review it those were his precise words. Finally he discovered it in the storm cellar, where it appears that the mice, to get the salt, had helped themselves rather generously to its none too solid texture. From the openings in the suit it was anything but difficult to see that the gathering had been a happy one and had not separated till an inconvenient time. The suit had never been made arrangements for an individual of my general engineering. Generally, I am molded along the lines of the Woolworth Building , with a slight overhang impact about the thirty-third floor. The suit had been expected for a smallish individual given to washing mainly without anyone else. It was, in its current state, for the most part an assortment of openings rather unreliably held along with yarn. The midsection would have been tight on a doll, while the trunks resembled a couple of heartbeat warmers. I attempted to discover a spot to get into the suit, yet it stayed together like a wet paper sack. Finally I got part path in just to find that my arms were staying through where two or three mice had finished a dinner. At last I felt that I had the suit on and glanced in the mirror. I moved back in alarmed amazement. There were two remote imprints on my body. One I perceived after a second as being the place my neckline button had scoured, yet the other was bigger. It was a dim splotch as though I had run into the department. In any case, on looking all the more carefully, I saw that it was the swimming outfit. Significantly under the most ideal conditions, when attired in a swimsuit, I dont live long in the memory of outsiders. Once in a while ever is my photo taken by a shore picture taker and set up in his presentation case, and for all intents and purposes never does a bunch of individuals accumulate around me, talking enthusiastically with eruptions of automatic commendation. My companions were looking out for the grass for me to go along with them. Taking a solid grasp on my mental fortitude I ventured into the yard. The women were merrily visiting and grinning until they saw me, when abruptly they shut the discussion and went to look out of sight the blue skyline to a diminish, inaccessible sail. The sea looked just a few traffic lights away, however we appeared to walk miles. I was the cynosure of everyone's eyes. I had never been a cynosure, and in truth didnt realize that I had any ability in that line, yet now, as a cynosure, I was an extraordinary achievement. At the point when some discourteous young men came up and started to offer individual comments in the tone that such comments are typically made in, I surrendered the remainder of the gathering and rushed for the water. I plunged in, however I plunged excessively hard. My suit had moved beyond the plunging stage. At the point when I came up there was little on me other than the ocean froth an d a feeling of buoyancy. The last was pretended. Something advised me to keep to the profound. My companions called me and demanded that I come aground to play in the sand with them, yet I addressed that I cherished the sea too well and needed its protecting arms around me. I needed to have something around me. I should return to the house and into my garments. I worked down the sea shore until I was far out, and rushed toward the comfort of the storm cellar from whence the suit had come. Numerous individuals were out strolling yet I didn't join any of them, and as they gazed at me, I started to walk quicker and quicker. Before long I was running. An enormous canine that I had never observed hurried at me. I pivoted and gave him one bringing down look, however he clearly didn't get it, for he came straight on. I searched for a stone to use for something that I had as a main priority, however someone had evacuated all the attractive ones. So I turned my back to the uncouth animal and began on. Nonetheless, this didn't cut him the manner in which I had trusted. Rather, he went ahead with reestablished intrigue. I didn't need him to tail me, however this appeared to be his aim, in spite of the fact that he had gotten no consolation on my part. I accelerate d and attempted to lose him, however my endeavors were pointless, and to make it progressively upsetting he kept up a boisterous, conflicting woofing which jolted on my delicate ear. I picked up the yard and plunged against the entryway of the house, however some insightful individual had shut it. I went around to the back, however the individual had accomplished his function admirably. So I ran back with some ambiguous expectation that the entryway would be open, despite the fact that I knew very well it wouldnt be. My infers were correct. Back the canine and I ran together, while inquisitive passers-by started to gaze. I before long wound up practically winded, yet the pooch appeared to be very new. Nonetheless, I ran back once more. Finally I happened upon a cellar entryway that was open, made a plunge and shut the entryway after me. I went to considerable lengths to do that. I kept on staying in the storm cellar. In spite of the fact that the time hung vigorously on my hands I didn't walk around to visit with the townspeople. Over the span of time my companion returned and took a gander at me abnormally. Arent you feeling admirably? he asked pityingly. No, I addressed unfortunately. I feel sort of run down. Be that as it may, for what reason did you get in this cellar? he inquired. It has a place with the man nearby. Recently I get all the washing I need with a wipe away from public scrutiny. I would prefer to have a wipe that has been in the family quite a while at my back, than a bizarre canine comparatively situated, with whose propensities I am not comfortable. Washing in a Borrowed Suit by Homer Croy initially showed up in Life magazine (July 1913) and was republished in Our American Humorists by Thomas L. Masson (Moffat, Yard and Company, 1922).

Employee Selection the Role of Hrm Finding the Right Candidate

Denise L. Thomas Dr. Courtney Bibby Human Resource Management MBA 605 March 2, 2013 Employer Selection the Role of HRM finding the Right Candidate The job of Human Resources Management, here in after alluded to as HRM has numerous countenances; the most significant job that HRM accepts that is in the staffing of HR. This paper will investigate the techniques and procedures that are utilized in the choice for Mr. or then again Ms. Right. Do HRMs handle this significant job with skill? Work choice effects numerous levels, as it conveys a significant net result.Companies are as acceptable and gainful as the representatives that speak to them. Worker determination has a fundamental job in the accomplishment all things considered. Most would concur the explanation we come back to a most loved café, retailer or business foundation is generally because of the work force. Another item dispatch, operational creation necessities, a maturing workforce and occasional requests, are for the most part reasons the executives will go to the HRM administrator for help in tending to their staffing needs. HRMs will lead a necessities appraisal for arriving at the employing objectives and destinations. Employing the opportune individual the first run through doesn’t occur unintentionally; it occurs by structure. Continuously be clear about the position you need to fill-well before meeting. Characterize the Thomas page 2 position dependent on what your business needs. Recognize the gauges, abilities and information that the ideal recruit would have†. (Cameron and Keis, 2003). Presently, with a firm comprehension of the desires required for recruiting. The HRM chief needs to enroll likely contender to meet these destinations. Selecting in todays’ universe of the web is substantially more productive than strategies for the past. There are various occupation sheets to start your enlisting rocess. Occupation sheets like Career Builder and Monster administration nume rous employer’s with different recruiting needs, they have demonstrated noteworthiness for drawing in quality occupation searchers. An expert will help the HRM chief to accomplish the perceivability and situating to pull in contender to their site page. In spite of the fact that the web gives an incredible asset to pooling ability, there are other time tested strategies for selecting. Interior occupation postings are an incredible open door for current workers to think about headway; this additionally gives the executives a thought of faculty trying to push ahead inside the company.In numerous cases verbal exchange will yield great outcomes for systems administration and selecting for vocation openings. Current representatives may know about somebody whom they feel would be extraordinary for a position. It’s a smart thought to incorporate various sorts of enlisting to increase a more extensive reach for ability. The most tedious piece of selecting is the first round of meetings. It is normal for HRMs to plan telephone interviews with candidates. The telephone meet permits the capacity to gage the capability of a competitor before getting them for an up close and personal Thomas page 3 interview.Phone meetings will capable HRM to address any question you may have about things on an employment form or resume. The telephone meeting may consolidate questions that are conduct and those that are situational. This kind of request will be useful in looking at the manners in which a candidate handles clashes and critical thinking. This may likewise outline the applicant’s capacity to lead and convince different towards a favored result. Another significant viewpoint included as a feature of the pre-meet is trying. â€Å"Testing and appraisals are an absolute necessity for your short-list talk with process. † (Cameron and Keis, 2003).The investigation of practices preceding the eye to eye meeting ought not be overestimated. Right now these te sts are given during vis-à-vis meet or regularly comprehensive with the online applications. Endless supply of the pre-talk with screenings, the best applicants of this procedure ought to be chosen for face to face meets. Troughs that will be associated with the meeting and dynamic should be readied and gifted in their meeting procedure for this last procedure. â€Å"As with most administrative aptitudes, the abilities required to settle on a superior recruiting choice can be learned and can be created with practice.Along with looking at aptitudes, the keen supervisor considers an applicant’s fit with the organization’s culture. On the off chance that the way of life is open and free in a natural structure, a bureaucratic character would make a poor fit. â€Å" (Buhler, 1992). So now the great starts. Recruiting directors have a mutual obligation during this period of the staffing procedure. The earth ought to be one that is favorable for the gathering. Thomas page 5 Applicants are likewise assessing the work spot to imagine on the off chance that they could imagine themselves working in the location.It might be a smart thought to caution the workplace staff that meetings will be occurring, all staff needs to show best practice office manners during this open place of prespective fresh recruits. I feel this perspective is frequently ignored. I review on numerous events I watched the work culture of an office during my visit, and decided I wasn’t a solid match for the gathering. Furthermore, administrators who have not acquainted themselves with the resumes as well as applications do an insult to the way toward meeting. I have been disappointed during a meeting when I end up getting excess to an issue.All candidates comprehend that HRMs and administrators are occupied, notwithstanding, we are talking about future business and what commitment I can make to your association! In addition, when we think about the cost speculation for recruit ing and preparing of new representatives this issue requires a genuine duty from all included. â€Å"The setting of the meeting is critical to get it off to the correct beginning. This is an open door for the candidate to â€Å"interview† and pass judgment on the association. † (Buhler, 1992). HRMs in numerous companies have an organized meeting group that they are required to stick to, in keeping up the trustworthiness of the employing process.The questioner will tell you before the beginning of the scrutinizing, on the off chance that they will be taking notes of your answers. I have taken part in some of these sorts of meetings and the greater part of the inquiries are conduct or situational. An up-and-comer that has gotten their work done will be set up to answer this line of addressing. In certain circumstances an eye to eye meeting will be led by a HRM director. They will lead the meeting and make referrals to the supervisor. Thomas page 6 â€Å"Hiring is more t han only choosing a â€Å"nice individual. † It requires cautiously choosing the best individual for the position.A new expertise being looked for in recently recruited employees is development. Associations without advancement will get stale and die in time. Endurance implies thinking imaginatively. The best implantation of innovativeness originates from outside the organizationâ€from recently recruited employees. † (Buhler, 1992). â€Å"Traditional interviews don’t achieve a great deal. In choice meetings they pose an inappropriate inquiries, pose the inquiries the incorrect way, disregard laws, neglect to take sufficient notes and overlook body language†. (Keen, 1987) . I can bear witness to that I have taken an interest in interviews that made me need to trade places with the individual behind the desk.Some chiefs are truly awkward with the duty expected to turn into a handy questioner. Circumstances where it is identified that the questioner appear s uprooted permits the candidate to take the meeting over, the recruiting chief is no longer in control. This situation is a damage in scan for the ideal up-and-comer, or right? One could state that if a candidate has this sort of range of abilities they speak to somebody who isn't reluctant to start to lead the pack and shows activity. These aptitudes are generally alluring to most managers. â€Å"A great choice meeting requires something other than an adequate measure of time.A network design is significantly more exhaustive. The questioner starts by getting some information about sequential history-starting with instruction and advancing through employment 1, job2, job3 and up to the current position. â€Å" (Smart, 1987). Thomas page 7 After a progression of chose applicants have been met and the last contenders are chosen. HRMs will approach contender to return for a second or last meeting. This permits enlisted people to have a last chance to offer proof of why they ought to be chosen for the current opportunity.If administrators are unsure this audit should aid the conclusion before making a proposition for employment. â€Å"Check references after the meeting, to affirm consistency between the candidate’s remarks and the assessment of his past employers†. (Cameron and Keis, 2003). Making the proposition for employment to the last enlist is the last advance in the enrolling. Verbal offers should be followed with composed documentation sketching out the points of interest of the proposition for employment. â€Å"Hiring the correct individual the first run through takes arranging, frameworks, apparatuses, and structure.Customize and report your procedure to accommodate your association; you will make own inward promoting arrangement to draw in the perfect people†. (Cameron and Keis, 2003) Strategies and assets help with the choice to locate the correct possibility for work. Critical time and exertion goes into the planning of choosin g HR on the two sides of the range. A ultimate conclusion in picking the best applicant is limited to who has the â€Å"it†. The â€Å"it† factor is comprised of numerous things, it is maybe best depicted as something exceptional that sparkles and stands apart greatly.Go forward and let your splendor sparkle. Works Cited Buhler, Patricia. â€Å"Managing during the 90s: Hiring the Right Person for the Job. † SuperVision 53. 7 (1992): 21-. ProQuest Central. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. Cameron, Gordon, and Ken Keis. â€Å"Hire the Right Person the First Time! : Hiring the â€Å"Wrong†

The need for an offshore business plan

The requirement for a seaward field-tested strategy These days the term seaward business is getting increasingly more business considerations. This term covers a wide scope of data innovation and different business related administrations offered by organizations in creating nations to the organizations in created nations . The off shoring business is primarily begun as a business to do modest programming advancement, and afterward it is exhausted to different zones which can be called ITES, IT empowered administrations like call habitats and bolster focuses . The term Business Process re-appropriating (BPO) alludes to the exchange of an organizations business which are not the center procedure but rather the which are basic to the working to an outer merchant in other nation .These outside sellers utilizes IT based conveyance. By doing such sort of offshoring , the organizations can concentrate on the their center regions ,making money saving advantages and the non center territories will be taken care of by specialists . This will h elp the parent firms investor incentive to increment since it is about the exhibition in the market . (Roy,Sharma and Bhushan,2006) During the most recent multi decade India has been creating as the most alluring area for seaward organizations . Organizations and Global corporate from everywhere throughout the world have just moved to Indian to take the upsides of the advantages of this nation gives. The quantity of fortune 500 organizations who has just set up their hostage seaward business community in India isn't little . In this way India is developing as the biggest seaward center on the planet. The Information innovation (IT) Outsourcing and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) advertise in India has been demonstrating a mind blowing development. As per the evaluations of NASSCOM, the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM), Indian seaward business (bothe IT and BP0) advertise is worth around seventeen billion USD, which is almost forty four percent of the absolute worldwide off shoring market (about USD 40 billion). (Instructional exercise reports, 2009) This report continues as follows .The initial segment will give the SWOT examination of Indian seaward industry .The subsequent section will clarify about the advantages of off shoring to India .The third part will give a thought regarding different difficulties that must be faces in Indian seaward business. The last part will clarify about the ramifications of improvement to the Indian organizations . SWOT examination In this segment , a SWOT investigation of Indian seaward business area is given .The tables underneath is brief .Most of the things referenced in this SWOT table will be canvassed in the coming areas. Qualities Rich and wide ability pool. English talking graduates and Engineering graduates. Weakening rate is low contrasted with created nations. Innovative competency is high Advantages because of land area and time distinction. Affordable advantages .Reduced work and foundation cost . Shortcomings The foundation is weak. Decent variety in culture . Lawful issues Information security and protection issues Openings Availabily of labor . High caliber of data innovation The market potential is high Developing economy . Taught youthful age Dangers Hostile to redistributing bill in US Rivalry from different nations like china, Ireland, Philippians and eastern European nations. The charging rates are developing high Off shoring to India - Benefits Money saving advantages : One of the fundamental explanation behind doing seaward business in India is the immediate sparing of the expense. This money saving advantages are determined as a distinction from the wages in India and wages in western nations for doing likewise sort of gifted occupations. Despite the fact that the thing that matters is diminishing because of the ascent of compensation in IT experts in India, there will be noteworthy money saving advantages picked up from re-appropriating to India. The partnerships around the globe are not just re-appropriating India for the end procedure undertakings yet additionally for the Knowledge Process redistributing.( Robinson and Kalakota (2004) . The clinical preliminary re-appropriating is a model .The clinical preliminaries that should be possible in India would give a cost sparing of 40-half contrasted with that being done in America. It likewise gives money saving advantage as far as capital advantages .The worldwide corporate need not put cash on fr amework and enlistment in the nation where it is working .The capital ventures might be a lot less expensive in India. As indicated by World Outsourcing Summit directed in 2004, money saving advantages are refered to as the essential thought process towards offshoring business administrations to India (Corbett, 2004). In the carrier business, Delta Air Lines seaward re-appropriated a portion of its overall reservation administrations to India-based Wipro Spectramind. This outsider seller oversees Deltas reservations from its Mumbai call focus; a move that Delta expects will spare $26 million of every 2003 alone . Robinson and Kalakota (2004) Access to the pool of Talent Seaward business is one method of getting to the ability from abroad for specific occupations. India has a major pool of individuals with rich ability .India has a few innovation empowered focuses (Green,2007).These focuses has the capacity to pull in the exceptionally capable individuals .The speed of the enlistment and accessibility of the ability is a lot higher when contrasted with the western nations and US. This why India despite everything stays in the no.1 position in seaward business places. Another preferred position is the accessibility of English talking individuals with high-IQ. ( Kripalani, M., Engardio, P ,2003). Quick and diminished cost Recruitment In US and western areas, the speed of the enlistment is nearly less .It can take weeks or months to employ an individual and fill the hole particularly for an actually talented position. Because of the huge pool of competitors with high ability in Indian , the enlistment procedure is a lot quicker than that of US .The expense of enrollment in US is a whole lot higher than the expense of enrollment in India. This gives a bit of leeway in seaward tasks in India. (Green,2007). Quick Turn around time The time contrast among US and India is 12 hours .This will permit the Indian piece of the organization to do preparing at evening time US .This distinction in the zonal time allows a 24 hours workplace in the organizations which does seaward business. So the preparing errands will be managed without the excesses. This gives a major benfits to the organizations who wishes to work 24 hrs and do some seaward business in India. The IT groups who work both in customer site and Indian seaward areas has huge bit of leeway .The group who are in US work with the customer during the day time in US and hands over the work to Indian group before they head to sleep. The other piece of the group who are in india will assume control over the work and accomplish the work during the day time in India .This will fundamentally diminish the turnaround time .(Chithlen,2004) One of the principle thought process behind Nortal systems, an IT firm from Canada to begin seaward business is in India was the advantage of turnaround time. They exploited the time distinction among Canada and India. Different Benefits:- Since it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to clarify all the benfits in subtleties , a portion of the advantages are recorded here . India has got individuals with data innovation aptitudes that are perceived by US organizations . Indian government offers some assessment exception to the IT organizations . Indian work rehearses, predominantly in IT organizations ly consent to the guidelines of ISO and SEI CMM s. In excess of eighty level of SEI-CMM 5 organizations overall are situated in India. The quality gauges are endorsed by the main organizations from created countries .The quantity of nations to which India sends out programming is 95.. The political elements are preferring the IT business and it is steady The satellite and submarine network is excellent and which makes the broadband availability truly outstanding in the wolrd . Offshoring to India - Challenges Despite the fact that India is the no.1 appealing area for seaward business, there are numerous difficulties that must be faces by the organizations to make a fruitful seaward business. In this area, the potential difficulties will be clarified quickly. Social Issues The way of life in India is far not the same as different nations where the seaward business occupations are originating from. The method of completing the work and the compromise techniques in India are unique .Even the words utilized in various settings can have various implications in Indian culture. These words may have marginally unique significance in European or Indian culture. The organizations who might want to set up seaward business in India must have a very much aware of the Indian culture and they need to set their difficulties and objectives. As indicated by Geert Hoftsede , Indias power separation list is high contrasted with US or European nations. Higher force separation implies, the imbalance in the various leveled levels is high . Indias power separation list is 77 . Be that as it may, the force separation of US where the majority of the seaward organizations are originating from is 40. The other dimensional lists additionally are extraordinary. (Hoftsede, 1980). This can be delineated by such a large number of models, In the call communities or different Business Process re-appropriated ventures, the Indian groups have social issues in working with American associates. In American, the colleagues are required to be assuming liability and possession .This is significantly less in Indian groups .In Indian culture is dynamic is considerably more top-down where it will in general be less in American culture .In Indian culture the style of complying with time constraints, duty, demeanor towards the procedure and attitude about the distinctive progressive levels are altogether different .These are on the whole difficulties that must be confronted while setting up seaward business in India. (Schomer, 2010) Foundation Challenges The foundation challenges are one of the large difficulties of the individuals who are quick to do seaward business in India. The organizations from US and UK are quick to rent workplaces in Indian seaward

Overview of the Rajput People of India

Diagram of the Rajput People of India A Rajput is an individual from northern Indias Hindu warrior position. They live basically in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The word Rajput is a contracted type of raja, or ruler, and Putra, which means child. As indicated by legend, just the principal child of a ruler could acquire the realm, so the later children became military pioneers. From these more youthful children was brought into the world the Rajput warrior position. The term Rajaputra was first referenced around 300 B.C., in the Bhagvat Purana. The name slowly advanced to its current abbreviated structure. Inceptions of the Rajputs The Rajputs were not an independently distinguished gathering until the sixth century AD. Around then, the Gupta realm separated and there were rehashed clashes with the Hephthalites, the White Huns. They may have been assimilated into the current society, including pioneers into the Kshatriya rank. Others from the neighborhood clans likewise positioned as Rajput. The Rajputs guarantee plummet from three fundamental heredities or vanshas. Suryavanshi, the Solar Dynasty, plummeted from Surya, the Hindu Sun-god.Chadravanshi, the Lunar Dynasty slipped from Chandra, the Hindu Moon-god. They incorporate significant sub-parts of Yaduvanshi (Lord Krisha was naturally introduced to this branch) and Puruvanshi.Agnivanshi, the Fire Dynasty slipped from Agni, the Hindu divine force of fire. This ancestry has four families: Chauhans, Paramara, Solanki, and Pratiharas. These all are isolated into groups who guarantee direct patrilineal plunge from a typical male predecessor. These are then separated into sub-families, shakhas, that have their own genealogical doctrine, which oversees the laws of intermarriage. History of the Rajputs Rajputs managed numerous little realms in North India from the earliest starting point of the seventh century. They were an impediment to the Muslim success in North India. While they restricted attack by the Muslims, they likewise fought among one another and were faithful to their faction as opposed to joining together. At the point when the Mughal domain was set up, some Rajput rulers were partners and furthermore wedded their girls to the heads for political kindness. The Rajputs rebelled against the Mughal realm and prompted its ruin during the 1680s. In the late eighteenth century, Rajput rulers framed a union with the East India Company. When of British impact, Rajputs governed the greater part of the royal states in Rajasthan and Saurashtra. Rajput fighters were esteemed by the British. Purbiya fighters from the eastern Ganga fields had for some time been soldiers of fortune for Rajput rulers. The British gave more self-rule to the Rajput sovereigns than to different regions of India. Upon autonomy from Britain in 1947, the royal states decided in favor of whether to join India, Pakistan or stay autonomous. Twenty-two royal states joined India as the territory of Rajasthan. Rajputs are currently a Forward Caste in India, which means they don't get any special treatment under the arrangement of positive separation. Culture and Religion of Rajputs While numerous Rajputs are Hindu, others are Muslim or Sikh. Rajput rulers displayed strict toleration to a more noteworthy or lesser degree. Rajputs for the most part detached their ladies and were seen in more seasoned occasions to rehearse female child murder and sati (widow immolation). They are generally not veggie lovers and eat pork, just as drinking liquor.

The Warring States Period of Ancient China

The Warring States Period of Ancient China The Warring States time frame in Ancient Chinese historywhich followed the period known as Spring and Autumn (770-476 B.C.) during the ​Chou (Zhou) Dynastyran from around 475-221 B.C. It was a time of savagery and disorder during which the scholar Sun-Tzu is said to have lived and culture to have thrived. Seven States of China There were around seven conditions of China during the Warring States time frame, including Yen, which was not one of the fighting states, and 6 that were: ChIChuChinWeiHanChao Two of these states, the Chin and Chu, came to command, and in 223, the Chin crushed the Chu, building up the main brought together Chinese state two years after the fact. Throughout the Spring and Autumn period, which went before the Warring States, fighting was medieval and dependent on the war chariot. During the Warring Period, military battles were coordinated by the states who fitted out their officers with singular weapons. Sources: Encyclopedia Britannica and The Oxford Companion to Military History. Models During the Warring States Period, however somewhere else on the planet, Alexander the Great vanquished his huge Hellenistic Greek domain, Rome came to rule Italy, and Buddhism spread to China.

EA Decisions and How to React - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

EA Decisions and How to React - UGA Undergraduate Admissions EA Decisions and How to React Early Action decisions will be later this week, so here are my suggestions on how to react to the decision you may receive. Admit: Celebrate with family, buy a lot of UGA gear to wear for the holiday season, but remember that not everyone has received a decision of admission, and so be a little more low key with friends and classmates. In other words, do not run up to you best friend during English class and scream I got into Georgia while 10-15 of your classmates are mentally throwing daggers into your back. Deny: While this is not a fun situation at all, the reality is that if you have been denied Early Action, you are truly not competitive for admission at UGA. It is not easy to write that, and it is very difficult to tell this to a student or parent, but when we look at this students application in comparison with the other 11,600 EA applicants (and remember, we will get about 7,000 RD applicants as well), they do not match up academically with the others. It is better to tell you now instead of waiting until late March, as this gives you time to make other plans. Unless there seems to be a serious error (your are in the top of your class, take a very challenging course load, and have a strong test score), my suggestion is to not contact us about the decision, but instead move forward with plan B. While we do not mind talking with you at all, the reality is that an Early Action denial means an offer of admission from UGA is not a reality. Defer: This is the most challenging one, as these are applicants who are truly strong students, but we want to see more about them (as well as the rest of the applicant pool) before making a final decision. Please remember, this is not a denial at all, but instead a way for us to be able to review you in full, from your co-curricular activities, your essays, and your recommendations. This is your chance to let us know what you are like as an overall applicant. While this is probably not the answer you would like, I would suggest you treat it as a call-back for a second audition. Some roles have already been cast (or admitted), and we now want to look at you in more detail to see how you compare to the rest of the people auditioning (or applying). One of the worst things you can do is give up and not do part II. The second worst thing is to call us up and berate us for not admitting you. We will be happy to talk to people, but make sure to communicate in a positive tone, understand th at we cannot talk about other applicants, and please remember that defer does not mean denial. At the end of last year (after all decisions, both during March and Wait List offers in May), just under half of the deferred applicants who completed part II were later admitted. About 1300 deferred students did not complete part II, so we never even had a chance to even review them! If you are serious about UGA, take the time to complete your application, and then be patient as we review all of these files throughout Jan., Feb. and March. I hope this helps!

Lower Bar Pass Rates in 8 NY Schools

Lower Bar Pass Rates in NY In 2011, eight of New York’s 15 law schools posted improved bar pass rates compared with the year before. According to a New York Law Journal article, this year, eight of these 15 schools reported lower rates. The most dramatic plunge was reported by New York Law School which experienced a 70% pass rate in July. Last year the school’s pass rate was 80%. This drop pushed New York Law to last place ranking among NY’s law schools, following Touro Law Center (#14 this year and #9 last year) by a full percentage point. This year, Touro experienced the second largest percentage decline, from 83% last year to 74% this year. New York Law has established a â€Å"task force† called â€Å"Foundations for Success,† an 11-member committee that will prepare students better for the bar exam (including individualized coaching), as well as provide counseling support. City University of New York School of Law increased its pass rate from 67% to 83.5%, bringing its ranking up to 7th place. Last year the school ranked last of the 15 schools. Other New York law schools that experienced pass rate increases include Fordham University School of Law, Albany Law School, the Maurice A. Dean School of Law at Hofstra University, and Pace Law School. Columbia and Cornell Law Schools remained the same from last year. Click on the chart below for more info. //   Accepted.com ~ Helping You Write Your Best

Allyson Bowlds. April 7Th, 2017. Human Rights. Human Rights

Allyson Bowlds April 7th, 2017 Human Rights Human rights are considered universal because it is accepted that every person, regardless of gender, race, etc., is entitled to these rights. Therefore, all people must be treated equally, regarding every person being entitled to the same set of basic human rights. Human rights are indivisible. No individual right is more important than the other; no individual right can be emphasized or, on the other hand, ignored for any reason. Characterization as indivisible shows no preference to one human right over another; thus, human rights are better utilized when applied to a person or body of people. These set of ideas also apply to the interdependence of human rights. Each human right is connected†¦show more content†¦Forfeiting a right means the individual’s right(s) has been revoked, resulting from his/her wrong-doing regarding the right (Barcalow Rights, 156-157). From the 1920s to the 1990s Romani people were discriminated against in Germany, Czech Repub lic, Italy, Poland, Romania, and many other countries. Unjust acts such as: harsh punishment, exclusion, segregation from public businesses, refusal of services, and much more were imposed on the Romani people during this time. This was not a wrong-doing of the law enforcement at a local level, laws were passed preventing Romani people from even intermingling with non-Roma people when a wall was built dividing Romani from non-Romani people. Even storekeepers were forbidden from selling to the Romani. More disturbing than prevention of inhabiting freely amongst the communities, their education and image were marred by the stereotype that all Romani people did not deserve equal opportunity due to their ethnicity, language, and customs. Because these people did not speak the â€Å"accepted† dialect, they were deemed as ignorant and inferior; forced to attend school for the mentality disabled. In 2000, the ERRC (European Roma Rights Center) presented ample evidence of mistreatmen t of the Roma people at the United Nations Elimination of Racial Discrimination conference. The ERRC also reported that, as far as they were aware, no action against the government was taken. The police are standing by in sight of the mistreatment. (Barcalow

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A Case Study On Homosexuality - 1303 Words

Case Study Project: Assignment 1 For my case study, I have been assigned with a young adult male college student who over the Thanksgiving break came out as gay to his disapproving parents who had decided to kick him out of their house and forbid to help him pay for school. He is in between a rock and a hard place because he currently works twenty hours a week but is already behind on his current payments., Iif he doesn’t pay those bills soon he will be unable to register for his next semester classes. With this paper, I will examine the history of homosexuality in men and see how it was viewed back in much earlier times, when this identity began to arise more rapidly over time as well as any changes along the way, and how we as a society†¦show more content†¦Status concerns were also included as one of the most important factors for the Greeks, far much more than age or gender was. During this time period, only â€Å"free men† had full status, ultimately meaning that women and or male slaves were not considered problematic sexual partners. While sex between free men, however, was a major problem with regards to status. The distinction in ancient Greek sexual relations was souly based on taking an either active or insertive role, rather than a passive or penetrated one. The passive role was only acceptable for the inferiors, meaning only women, slaves, or young boys who were not considered citizens. The acceptance of this very popular lifestyle had taken a very drastic and rapid turn over the years to follow. People started to look at homosexuality as a sin and forbad it to be legal during the 19th century. Anti-gay rallies, protests, homophobic slurs, arrests for being gay, violent attacks, and even murders were extremely common and seen from all over, especially in America. A new term was then pinned to these â€Å"disgusting acts† and that sort of â€Å"way of life† it was called being â€Å"gay†. The word itself originates from 12th century England and was derived from the Old French word ‘gai’, which meat carefree or bright and showy. During the 1920’s era the meaning of the word shifted gears, a â€Å"gayShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality in Ha Jins the Bridegroom Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Homosexuality in Society Throughout the course of history, the topic of homosexuality and its acceptable behavior has been one of varying opinions and much heated debate. Although how tolerated homosexual behavior was all through history can differ depending on who your source is, most everyone can agree that a few large cultures were either strongly for, or against, homosexuality. One key player in the fight against homosexuality was the all-powerful England. The first English civilRead MoreIs Homosexuality Biologically Based Pro / Con Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesIs Homosexuality Biologically Based Pro/Con Introduction Society has always been able to cope with having two opinions about a situation. For example as we continue to debate over the issue of homosexuality, many sub-debates have come forward from this topic. For instance, debates of marriage, gay rights within the spectrum of laws and regulations all construct an ensuing point of debates amongst people (Slife, 2013, p. 160). In fact, the more powerful debate about homosexuality is the claim thatRead MoreSummary : Gay Gene 1382 Words   |  6 PagesCastillo October 6, 2014 Queer Studies 301 Professor Clements The â€Å"Gay Gene† When people utter the words â€Å"gay gene†, they are oversimplifying a concept that is much more complex, and has much more history than what the phrase is able to portray. The theory of the gay gene is over a hundred years old, and has seen a few iterations and specifications as to what it actually entails. Whether it holds true, or not, is yet to be seen, however, there has been many studies that may lend a helping handRead MoreThe Psychology Of Sexual Orientations934 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent sexual orientations didn’t get coined until the 19th and 20th centuries. And with these terms came huge stigma that still exists today. There are many different sexual orientations that people identify as (including heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, as well as many others); the orientations that do not coincide with what people viewed as normal were originally given classification as mental disorders. 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Some Asian countries s trongly condemn against homosexuality. Whereas, in some Asian countries visibly accept homosexuality. Judith Butler explained that gender is represented as a stylized repetition of acts or imitation. SheRead MoreHomosexuality Is Not a Psychological Disorder Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesHomosexuality is not a psychological disorder†¦ In the past, homosexuality was considered to be a psychological disorder, up until the APA removed it from its list of mental illnesses. This was due to the fact that homosexuality causes no form of impairment on the individual’s judgment, stability, reliability, or general social and or vocational abilities. This decision made over 30 years ago, has caused a lot of criticism, many believe that the APA’s decision was made due to the amount of influence

Windows Sql Server Database Design Essay - 8605 Words

Tasman International Academies Diploma in Information Technology (Level 7) ASSESSMENT: Windows SQL Server Database Design and Optimization STUDENT NAME:: RANJIT SINGH STUDENT ID :: 14112532 ASSESSOR NAME:: IMRAN SIDDIQUE DATE SUBMITTED:: 20/07/2015 SUBJECT:: ASSESSMENT (THEORY) Assessment: Task One Theoretical Questions Outcome 1 (1.1) Q1. Briefly explain following designing requirements that are required when designing the Hardware and Software infrastructure: a) Storage requirements A lot of considerations go into analyzing the storage requirements of a database server. In addition to the physical size of the database, you need to consider the transaction growth rate and data-distribution requirements. Some industries, particularly financial and healthcare institutions, are subject to requirements regarding data retention, storage, and security that must be taken into account in determining storage capacity. 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Database reflecting was presented with Microsoft SQL Server 2005 innovation that can be utilized to outline high-accessibility and elite answers for database repetition. It is intended to keep up a hot standby server with a transitionally

Jefferson and Rousseau Influences Free Essays

Thomas Jefferson considers himself a contributor to the Age of Enlightenment. Through many of his writings he expands on the philosophies of the great European writers of that era – Rousseau, Locke, Hume, and Leibniz. In â€Å"The Declaration of Independence,† Jefferson directly adopts several themes found in the work of French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. We will write a custom essay sample on Jefferson and Rousseau Influences or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rousseau’s â€Å"The Origin of Civil Society,† provides a foundation for most of Jefferson’s ideas in â€Å"The Declaration of Independence. In the opening of the â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† Jefferson lays out several main themes that reflect Rousseau’s concepts. Jefferson borrows from Rousseau’s thinking on equality and freedom when writing, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jefferson 80). Rousseau speaks of equality by disproving the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and Hugo Grotius. These men support the concept that â€Å"human race†¦ refers only to a small, select class of people – the ruling class] (Rousseau 60). Rousseau thinks that the philosophies of these men lack justification and that â€Å"All men are born free, and everywhere he is in chains† (Rousseau 59). All men are equal only until they give up their freedom and equality in exchange for comforts and protection in their lives. In other words, Rousseau says man is born free, but because of society man become less and less free. The government, and its laws bind the people down, but the people gain benefits from the government. Jefferson sees to Rousseau in justifying colonial claims to independence. Jefferson writes, â€Å"Whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jefferson 80). This reflects Rousseau’s thinking that, [the only foundation left for legitimate authority in human societies is Agreement] (Rousseau 61). Rousseau argues that all society exists because people have willingly granted rank and privilege to their ruler. When this agreement is broken, the ruling power is invalid. In â€Å"The Declaration of Independence,† Jefferson cites twenty-six examples of actions taken by the British monarchy that acts against the authority the American Colonies granted them. These form the basis of the declaration. Jefferson restates his thinking again saying, â€Å"A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be ruler of a free People. † (Jefferson 83). Jefferson indirectly borrows from Rousseau’s argument against Might into Right. Rousseau says that this thinking reverses the process of cause and effect. â€Å"So soon as we disobey without impunity, disobedience becomes legitimate. And, since the Mightiest is always right, it merely remains for us to become possessed of Might† (Rousseau 62). In this passage Rousseau contends that might, or strength, is not a moral sanction. Rousseau contends that â€Å"Right† to govern can change when it is compromised. Jefferson uses this same line of thinking to rationalize the separation of the colonies from the British crown. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new Guards for their future security† (Jefferson 80,81). Jefferson contends that the chain of abuses brought by the British crown has compromised their moral authority and therefore, their â€Å"Right† t o rule over the colonies. In Jefferson’s mind, the physical â€Å"Might† of the British is controversial in considering the colonies’ right to establish a new government. Interestingly, there is another opportunity for Jefferson to incorporate Rousseau’s philosophies into the declaration. Rousseau talks about slavery as an institution in â€Å"The Origin of Civil Society. † The original draft of the Declaration refers to the British crown’s introduction of slavery in the United States as one of the immoral principles justifying independence from the monarchy. In other words, â€Å"one of the fundamental paradoxes of Jefferson’s personal and political life has been his attitude toward slavery. † (Jacobus77). Jefferson’s position and actions on slavery have become the most controversial aspects of his legacy. It is not surprising that Rousseau’s philosophies lead to the beginnings of both the American and French revolution. Jefferson and the other members of the Continental Congress have become capable of molding these thoughts into a document that will act as a philosophical outline for the founding of the United States. The Declaration of Independence allows the founding fathers an opportunity to build on some of the Puritan ethics of the founding new How to cite Jefferson and Rousseau Influences, Papers

Social Impact Assessment in Decision Making †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Impact Assessment in Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Environmental assessment is criteria that the government has mandatory to improve the effect of any project before their development. Any project before the initiation requires to assess the impact. This includes risk assessment, cultural and hazard assessment, economic affect assessment and policy evaluation (Grieco et al. 2015). The scheme has been developed by US government in 1970 (Smith 2014). The environmental assessment includes the monitoring and evaluation of the companys latest projects. The three element of this evaluation are public policy, health and education initiatives and international impact assessments. In Australia Newcastle City Council and potential issues, policies created the first Consultative Panel and actions were taken based on the models and theoretical framework of Social Impact theories (Prenzel and Vanclay 2014). There are two kinds of approach to SIA, The technical approach and political approach. Both are simultaneously important to consider before the planning process of the project. The most important social impact assessment theory is Actor-Network Theory (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). The projects of development are mostly initiated for governmental to create a difference in the lifestyle of general people by intervening, transforming and enforcing. The most important part of the projects is to execute without any hindrance. The wellbeing of individuals are of priority and thus by monitoring and evaluating the impact before making a decision is needed action for developers. Like risk assessment takes into consideration the chances of success, the SIA takes care of major ethics of developing a project (Hildebrandt et al. 2014). The happenings of people and impact of the project is positive or negative is assessed in the planning stage of a project. Action, interaction, change and impact are the main elements of this theory (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). Different stages in project development It should be ensured that the identified variables of those that are involved in projects, be it directly or indirectly, are measurable. The human population and community involved (workers, employers and their favmilies0, political resources, social resources, environmental resources (Becker 2014). Population characteristics of the region of the place the project is getting developed presents the change in ethnic, influxes as well as outflows of temporary residents. If the project is developed and the region is not suitable for the population, there would be consequences and unwanted expenses to bear (Smith 2014). Community and industrial development must be in accord with the project development plan and execution. The whole system must have capacity for industrial change and voluntary association for that can relate to each other. Thus, the harmony is needed before forming the plan (Smyth and Vanclay 2017). Individual and family changes were very important for the stakeholders involved in the project. Community resources and social resources are essential part of project planning to consider. As an industry cannot run without the resources that are needed to fulfil the work (Hildebrandt et al. 2014). The aspects where social variables affects the life of people and should be considered while decision making The way of peoples life in the society, that is how they live, work, play and interact with other people. The social or individual culture of people, the religion, values, language diversity or dialect of people The political systems of the project and level of democracy in the environment is a major aspect to consider for the purpose of betterment of the project as well as the conceptualisation of the social impacts The health and well-being of the people need to be taken into consideration Disadvantage of violation of the human rights by any means (Epstein and Buhovac 2014) Standard of making the SIA in Australia The Australian government has standards and sub standards of social impact assessment rules and regulations that seek for fulfilment of the policies. The main objective of this policy is to have direct impact assessment team and detail statement of the impact Enhance the consistency, transparency and councils assessment of social issues Assist the staff to improve their assessments of development of projects (Becker 2014) The key principles for assessing the social impact for having data to help in decision-making To have minimum necessary information to avoid the complexity in decision making List of positive as well as the negative impacts in environmental aspects. This will be useful in construction and operation Participation of the people and social groups that have potential impact of the project development Practical and action focused statement of the assessment of the project requirement that is related to the assessments. Least of all the health, productivity and diversity of the environment should be given more emphasis in order to analyse the impact in the life of people who are involved The fear and aspiration of the perception of the physical safety and adequacy of the sanitation also comes under the impact (Arce-Gomez et al. 2015) The nature of SIA policies that includes the international context is to help make better decisions and also mitigating the implementation programs harmful effect and maximising the output of the productivity (Karami et al. 2017). SIA is a complementary activity to economic development. It increases the sustainability of the planned project. The agencies and professional have different context of executing this task in order to commit to the sustainability, integrity, equity and fairness of human rights as well as advocates the accountability and openness of the ethics. It also adds value to the system (Franks and Vanclay 2013). The major activities that are included in the SIA are It participates in the planned intervention It also identifies interested and people who are affected by the project development Documents and analysis of the historical settings of the site and what has affected before Social profiling of the stakeholders impact of assessment and process Assessment of the process that needs to be identified (Karami et al. 2017) Assist in the process of selecting the site Assessments of the evaluation process is known as the major activity of developing a project (Franks and Vanclay 2013) The recommendation regarding the process is needed for mitigating the measure that are taken in development stage The project needs to be in harmony with the development and capacity building in community Appropriate coordination and arrangements in the non-mitigatable impacts The mentoring and management programs should be assisted (Glasson et al. 2013) Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussions it can be concluded that Social Impact Theory is one of the most important part of making a project sustain in the economy. The main concern in the development of project is to meet the ultimate goal set by management programs and without analysing the impact of the project in social environment. The scope is covered by studying people with different background. The reliability of the project also depends upon the extension sustainability factor. The social exchange theory is based on the relevant issues that are identified in the actor network theory. The economist links the development of the complex process and each development activities listed above affects well-being of the peoples lives. It is essential for decision makers to maximise the benefit and outcome of the project, thus efforts must be given in developing the policies of social impact after assessment. References Arce-Gomez, A., Donovan, J.D. and Bedggood, R.E., 2015. Social impact assessments: Developing a consolidated conceptual framework.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,50, pp.85-94. Becker, H., 2014.Social impact assessment: method and experience in Europe, North America and the developing world. Routledge. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Franks, D.M. and Vanclay, F., 2013. Social Impact Management Plans: Innovation in corporate and public policy.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,43, pp.40-48. Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A., 2013.Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. Grieco, C., Michelini, L. and Iasevoli, G., 2015. Measuring value creation in social enterprises: A cluster analysis of social impact assessment models.Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly,44(6), pp.1173-1193. Hildebrandt, L. and Sandham, L.A., 2014. Social impact assessment: The lesser sibling in the South African EIA process?.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,48, pp.20-26. Karami, S., Karami, E., Buys, L. and Drogemuller, R., 2017. System dynamic simulation: A new method in social impact assessment (SIA).Environmental Impact Assessment Review,62, pp.25-34. Prenzel, P.V. and Vanclay, F., 2014. How social impact assessment can contribute to conflict management.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,45, pp.30-37. Smith, L.G., 2014.Impact assessment and sustainable resource management. Routledge. Smyth, E. and Vanclay, F., 2017. The Social Framework for Projects: a conceptual but practical model to assist in assessing, planning and managing the social impacts of projects.Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal,35(1), pp.65-80.

Juvenile Delinquency (3043 words) Essay Example For Students

Juvenile Delinquency (3043 words) Essay Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile Delinquency 4 The current statistics of juvenile delinquency are astounding. I will look at the most recent statistics and a few of the programs implemented to reduce or prevent delinquency. Before delving to deep into juvenile delinquency it is important to consider the definitions of â€Å"juvenile† and â€Å"delinquent†. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary gives two definitions of â€Å"juvenile†: 1. Showing incomplete development, and 2. A young person; one below the legally established age of adulthood (1997). Merriam-Webster defines â€Å"delinquent† as: offending by neglect or violation of duty or law (1997). As a complete definition of juvenile delinquent it is safe to repeat â€Å"a person below the established age of adulthood that offends by neglect or violation of duty or law (1997)†. The history of juvenile delinquency had harsh beginnings. Children were viewed as non-persons until the 1700’s(Rice 1995). They did not receive special treatment or recognition. Discipline then is what we now call abuse. It was believed that life was hard, and you had to be hard to survive. The people of that time in history did not have the conveniences that we take for granted. For example, the medical practices of that day were primitive in comparison to present-day medicine. Marriages were more for convenience, rather than for childbearing or romance. The infant and child mortality rate was also very high. It did not make sense to the parents in those days to create an emotional bond with children when there was a strong chance that the children would not survive until adulthood (1995). At the end of the 18th century, â€Å"The Enlightenment† appeared as a new cultural transition. People began to see children as flowers, who needed nurturing in order to Juvenile Delinquency 5bloom. It was the invention of childhood, love and nurturing instead of beatings to stay in line (1995). Children had finally begun to emerge as a distinct group. It started with the upper class, who were allowed to attend colleges and universities. Throughout all time there has been delinquency. It may not have had the delinquency label, but it still existed. In ancient Britain, children at the age of seven were tried, convicted, and punished as adults. There was no special treatment for them; a hanging was a hanging. Juvenile crime is mentioned as far back as ancient Sumeria and Hammurabi, where laws concerning juvenile offenders first appear in written form (1995). Industrialization set into motion the processes needed for modern juvenile delinquency. The country had gone from agriculture to machine based labor intensive production. Subsistence farming quickly turned into profit making (1995). People who were displaced from their farm work because of machinery were migrating to the city to find work. This led to urbanization in such places as Chicago, which in turn caused the cities to burst at the seams (1995). There was also a huge increase in the amount of movable goods that were produced and these moveable goods were easy to steal. The stealing of these goods made property crime rise tremendously in these urban centers. The wealth of the upper class increased, and stealing became a way of living (1995). These large urban centers also created another problem. The work place was now separated from the home and during the hard times both parents took jobs. There was also very little for the youths to do, especially when school was not in session. It was then that youths were becoming Juvenile Delinquency 6increasingly unsupervised. These youths were largely unemployed and without supervision, and with movable goods easily available, stealing became a way of life. The huge influx of people to these urban areas overwhelmed society (1995). The factories could not keep up, and unemployment became a factor, which led to widespread poverty. Poorhouses were created to keep youthful offenders away from trouble. The idea behind them was to take the children of the â€Å"dangerous (1995) † classes out of their â€Å"dangerous environment (1995).† Kids who were thought to be salvageable needed to be saved. The majority of these children were rounded up for the crime of being poor, not because they committed a crime. These houses, sometimes referred to as reform schools, were very harsh. This was contradictory to the ideas that they needed nurturing and love. In New York, houses of refuge were created to do the same. The houses eventually became overfilled, and children were sent out West as indentured servants. As many as 50,000 children were shipped out (1995). Some of the children were never allowed to have contact with their parents again. Industrialization and urbanization played a tremendous role in the modern era of juvenile delinquency. A lot of these factors are true today. Many more farms are going bankrupt. Unemployment is still a factor with the youth of today. We are a culture that values material wealth over and above all (1995). Youth who have no money to live the way they want will often turn to crime as a way to satisfy themselves. As our nation changes, the way in which juveniles are treated will also have to change. The current trends in juvenile delinquency have an impact on how we view the problem. Juvenile Delinquency 7The number of juvenile arrests has been declining. In 1971, 21% of all arrests were juveniles. A lot of this change has to do with the declining teenage population. There are 6 million fewer teenagers today than 20 years ago (1995). Property crime in the United States has been fairly stable; there has been a 3% increase between 1982 and 1991. Violent crime has seen a tremendous increase. Since 1965, juvenile arrests have doubled for rape (11:100,00 in 1965 to 22: 100,00 in 1991). Crime is generally a young person’s game. Property crime peaks at age 16, violent crime peaks at age 18. All crime drops off dramatically at about age 30. There are some disturbing trends such as: More than 500 kids under age 12 were arrested for rape in 1991. These statistics should be viewed with caution. For example, some of these figures were estimated, the official numbers may be less disturbing, or even underestimated (1995). With an increased emphasis on juveniles, more en forcement and less discretion equal higher figures. There is also a problem with data being â€Å"fudged (1995)† in order to justify an increase in resources. Falcon Baker writes that â€Å"†¦crime statistics are at best only educated guesses, and all too often are tainted by political expediency, sloppy record keeping, and outright deception† (1991). Contrary to the â€Å"negative publicity, relatively few children come before the juvenile court† (Downs, Moore, McFadden, Costin, 1991). Of the 29.9 million youths aged 10 through 17 in the United States in 1995, only 2.7 million, or less that 10 percent, were arrested for delinquent acts, including status offenses. Violent crimes (murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) accounted for 5 percent of all juvenile Juvenile Delinquency 8arrests. The ages of youths at the time of arrest for all crimes were as follows: 23 percent were 17 years of age; 68 percent were 13 through 16 years of age, and 9 percent were less than 13 years of age. The racial composition was 69 percent white, 28 percent black, 1 percent Native American and 2 percent Asian (1991). In doing research on juvenile crime one will find the body of evidence overwhelming. It is at times contradictory and often confusing, but there are some statistics that jump out at you as you sift your way through reports and books. Often the most compelling statistics are not the ones that appear in newspapers, or on television, radio and speeches that seem to take place almost continuously. According to a report issued last year titled Violent Crime Increases, and prepared for the National Report on Juvenile offending and Victimization shows that between 1965 and 1992 law enforcement agencies reported a 423% increase in the four crimes that make up the FBI’s Violent Crime Index (assault, robbery, rape and homicide) (Abruzzese 1997). The report also includes that in the period from 1983 to 1992 it increased only 54%. A few additional points are that in 1992 law enforcement agencies in over 92% of all jurisdictions reported that 45% of violent crimes, as measured by the index, were â€Å"cleared† (1997). However, more than half (55%) were not â€Å"cleared† (1997), so half of all violent crimes were not solved. Also 19% (or 128,000) of the violent crimes committed between 1983 and 1992 is attributable to juvenile offenders (1997). Juvenile Delinquency 9In a report titled â€Å"Person Offenses in Juvenile Court† from the October 1994 OJJDP some interesting statistics were given. From 1985 to 1994, person offenses including assault, robbery, rape and homicide, increases by 93% with juvenile courts handling an estimated 336,100 person offense cases. Person offenses also accounted for a larger proportion of cases, 22% in 1995 compared with 16% in 1985. And, finally, of the 336,100 person offenses handled by the juvenile courts in 1994, over half were dismissed, 3 percent were proc essed as adults, 24 percent incarcerated and the remainder were on probation or some other alternative program. WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN AND HIS MARCH TO THE SEA William Tecumseh She EssayPeter Greenwood and Susan Turner (1993) assessed the Paint Creek Youth Center in Ohio. The main goal of this center is to provide high quality tailored programming. There was a three-day orientation program and an aftercare program to assist in the transition back to society. The youths received classes and formal counseling instead of locked up in a cell. They were part of a community. While at the center youths earned privileges as they progressed. Among the privileges were being allowed a paying job, family visits at the center, and weekends at home. The uniqueness of this program was the emphasis on tailored treatment. Instead of being lumped into groups, the youths are counseled individually. This allowed the counselors and youths to benefit from the program. Greenwood and Turner concluded that the aftercare program had a modest effect on post-release arrests and behavior. More cognitive/behavioral eff ort was needed in the aftercare. They also determined that this alternative shows promise, and that more attention should be paid to the youths’ prosocial behavior when they return to the community. Haghighi and Lopez (1993) evaluated the success/failure of group home treatment programs for juveniles. The two factors used in the analysis were evaluations from program staff and the reappearance of the juvenile in the juvenile justice system after release. Juvenile Delinquency 13 Haghighi and Lopez found that 62.5% of the juveniles were rated as successful. The rest either failed, were sent to another facility, or committed another delinquent act after release. Juveniles with prior treatment, such as probation, were more successful than those with no treatment or with time spent in a juvenile detention center. Galaway, et al. (1995) wrote an article that claimed family homes for emotionally or psychiatrically impaired youth might have hidden benefits for delinquents. Family care providers were said to be able to manage delinquents in a home setting and that their behavior will improve. The study was composed of 220 U.S., 18 Canadian, and 28 U.K. programs. Less than half of these programs served delinquents. It was reported that 41% of delinquent youth completed the programs, 12% were administratively discharged, 14% showed no progress and the rest were discharged due to breakdown of the youth or foster family. The average length of sta y was 7.5 months. They determined that foster family care may be a viable alternative for delinquents and could be used more often. It is sometimes the case that youth are placed in the wrong setting (jail) because there is no alternative. In closing, we are all aware of after school programs and community based services such as Boys and Girls Clubs. They provide a safe haven for children to go where they can build self-esteem, pro-social values and productive futures. Communities and organizations do what they can, some with the help of Title V grants under â€Å"Delinquency Prevention Programs.† However, as long as a disproportionate amount funding goes to deal with problems after they have occurred, there will remain limited resources to prevent their occurring (Wilber 1998). â€Å"Let us not in our concern about Juvenile Delinquency 14juvenile violence forget that they are just that-children. These are our children and they need our attention and concern before they get into serious trouble, as well as after† (1998). Juvenile Delinquency 15ReferencesAbruzzese, G. (1997). Juvenile Crime: Approaching the Millennium. Delinquency now, 1 (5), pp.5. Retrieved March 5, 2000 from Ebsco Database (MUONLINE) on the World Wide Web: http://www.ebsco.comBaker, F. (1991). Saving Our Kids from Delinquency, Drugs, and Despair. New York: Cornelia Michael Bessie Books. Downs, S., Moore, E., McFadden, J., Costin, L. (1991). Child Welfare andFamily Services. Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. Galaway, B., et al. (1995). Specialized foster family care for delinquent youth. Federal Probation 59 (March): 19-27. Greenwood, P., Turner, S. (1993). Evaluation of the Paint Creek YouthCenter: a residential program for serious delinquents. Criminology31 (May): 19-27. Haghighi, B., Lopez, A. (1993). Success/Failure of group home treatmentPrograms for juveniles. Federal Probation 57 (Sept): 53-58. McNeece, C., Roberts, A. (1997). Policy Practice in the Justice System. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers. Mish, F. (Ed.). (1997). Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Incorporated. Wilber, S. (1998) Can Prevention Programs Stem the Tide of Delinquency? 3(3), pp. 3. Retrieved March 5, 2000 from EBSCO database Juvenile Delinquency 16(MUONLINE) on the World Wide Web: http://www.ebsco.com Social Issues

How to Write a Sample Grant Proposal Essay

How to Write a Sample Grant Proposal EssayA sample grant proposal essay is what is usually sent out for a grant proposal. The majority of grant writers or grant proposal writers tend to write it. The most important thing that must be included in the grant proposal is an outline. The outline is a list of all the facts or information that the grant writer needs to make the proposal as realistic as possible.The outline should also contain what the proposal will cover. It should provide details on the purpose of the proposal. It should also contain, how much money will be provided for the purpose of research, development, business plan or college tuition fees. If the grant writer is not going to address any questions or if there are any additional statements, he/she must include it in the outline. This will make it easier for the grant writer to find answers to the question and answer that has been requested.The first paragraph in the proposal is probably the most important paragraph and should start off with a call to action for the reader. This is very important and it is what makes it fun to read. In the first paragraph, the grant writer asks the reader to think about the grant they have read, whether it is a big or small grant or if it is only for a college class, and why that grant was written.In this section, the grant writer explains the grant and what the grant is for and the purpose of the grant. At the end of the proposal, there is usually a closing statement that describes the purpose of the project organizer. This is very important. A good writer can get more information on a writing project than you could possibly imagine.At the end of the summary, the writer should make a few questions that will answer any information that the reader might have. In the body of the proposal, the author will give a quote from the survey and other information that are pertinent to the project. This is very important. This is where the person writing the proposal can expl ain what research was done and why. The researcher can also explain his/her research, the results of the research, and why this research is important.When it comes to the next sentence, the writer should include the entire business plan. There should be a summary of the project and then a few notes about why the research was done and the conclusion. There should be a closing paragraph. This is where the reviewer will check and see if the document is satisfactory and how the proposal is written. Finally, the author should have a bio section.If the project is submitted, the writer will have to wait for the evaluation. In most cases, the grant writer has to write at least five grant proposals before getting a positive score on the evaluations. These evaluations will make or break a grant writer.

The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) Essay Example For Students

The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) Essay The Rise of Communism in RussiaUnless we accept the claim that Lenins coup gave birth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in todays Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians the only empire that survived into the mid 1980s? (Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would be between the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, w ho were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism (Groilers Encyclopedia). We will write a custom essay on The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2683 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Socialism, of which ?Marxism-Leninism? is a takeoff, originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among the countrys educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe was experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, the Russian Social-Democratic Party continued the traditions of all the Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conquering political freedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin had become a revolutionary agitator and a convinced Marxist. He exhibited his new faith and his polemical talents in a diatribe of that year against the peasant-oriented socialism of the Populists led by N.K. Mikhiaiovsky (Wren, 3). While Marxism had been winning adherents among the Russian revolutionary intelligentsia for more than a decade previously, a claimed Marxist party was bit organized until 1898. In that year a ?congress? of nine men met at Minsk to proclaim the establishment of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party. The Manifesto issued in the name of the congress after the police broke it up was drawn up by the economist Peter Struve, a member of the moderate ?legal Marxist? group who soon afterward left the Marxist movement altogether. The manifesto is indicative of the way Marxism was applied to Russian conditions, and of the special role for the proletariat (Pipes, 11). The first true congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was the Second. It convened in Brussels in the summer of 1903, but was forced by the interference of the Belgian authorities to move to London, where the proceedings were concluded. The Second Congress was the occasion for bitter wrangling among the representatives of various Russian Marxist Factions, and ended in a deep split that was mainly caused by Lenin his personality, his drive for power in the movement, and his ?hard? philosophy of the disciplined party organization. At the close of the congress Lenin commanded a temporary majority for his faction and seized upon the label ?Bolshevik? (Russian for Majority), while his opponents who inclined to the ?soft? or more democratic position became known as the ?Mensheviks? or minority (Daniels, 19). Though born only in 1879, Trotsky had gained a leading place among the Russian Social-Democrats by the time of the Second party Congress in 1903. He represented ultra-radical sentiment that could not reconcile itself to Lenins stress on the party organization. Trotsky stayed with the Menshevik faction until he joined Lenin in 1917. From that point on, he acomidated himself in large measure to Lenins philosophy of party dictatorship, but his reservations came to the surface again in the years after his fall from power (Stoessinger, 13). In the months after the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party Lenin lost his majority and began organizing a rebellious group of Bolsheviks. This was to be in opposition of the new majority of the congress, the Menshiviks, led by Trotsky. Twenty-two Bolsheviks, including Lenin, met in Geneva in August of 1904 to promote the idea of the highly disciplined party and to urge the reorganization of the whole Social-Democratic movement on Leninist lines (Stoessinger, 33). The differences between Lenin and the Bogdanov group of revolutionary romantics came to its peak in 1909. Lenin denounced the otzovists, also known as the recallists, who wanted to recall the Bolshevik deputies in the Duma, and the ultimatists who demanded that the deputies take a more radical stand both for their philosophical vagaries which he rejected as idealism, and for the utopian purism of their refusal to take tactical advantage of the Duma. The real issue was Lenins control of the faction and the enforcement of his brand of Marxist orthodoxy. Lenin demonstrated his grip of the Bolshevik faction at a meeting in Paris of the editors of the Bolsheviks factional paper, which had become the headquarters of the faction. Bogdanov and his followers were expelled from the Bolshevik faction, though they remained within the Social-Democratic fold (Wren, 95). .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .postImageUrl , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:visited , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:active { border:0!important; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:active , .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564 .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u831ba1acb0c7244b4b06c16bf30ae564:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dinosaurs (1032 words) Essay On March 8 of 1917 a severe food shortage cause riots in Petrograd. The crowds demanded food and the step down of Tsar. When the troops were called in to disperse the crowds, they refused to fire their weapons and joined in the rioting. The army generals reported that it would be pointless to send in any more troops, because they would only join in with the other rioters. The frustrated tsar responded by stepping down from power, ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty (Farah, 580). With the tsar out of power, a new provisional government took over made up of middle-class Duma representatives. Also rising to power was a rival government called the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies consisting of workers and peasants of socialist and revolutionary groups. Other soviets formed in towns and villages all across the country. All of the soviets worked to push a three-point program which called for an immediate peas, the transfer of land to peasants, and control of factories to workers. But the provisional government stood in conflict with the other smaller governments and the hardships of war hit the country. The provisional government was so busy fighting the war that they neglected the social problems it faced, losing much needed support (Farah, 580). The Bolsheviks in Russia were confused and divided about how to regard the Provisional Government, but most of them, including Stalin, were inclined to accept it for the time being on condition that it work for an end to the war. When Lenin reached Russia in April after his famous ?sealed car? trip across Germany, he quickly denounced his Bolshevik colleagues for failing to take a sufficiently revolutionary stand (Daniels, 88). In August of 1917, while Lenin was in hiding and the party had been basically outlawed by the Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks managed to hold their first party congress since 1907 regardless. The most significant part of the debate turned on the possibility for immediate revolutionary action in Russia and the relation of this to the international upheaval. The separation between the utopian internationalists and the more practical Russia-oriented people was already apparent (Pipes, 127). The Bolsheviks hope of seizing power was hardly secret. Bold refusal of the provisional Government was one of their major ideals. Three weeks before the revolt they decided to stage a demonstrative walkout from the advisory assembly. When the walkout was staged, Trotsky denounced the Provisional Government for its alleged counterrevolutionary objectives and called on the people of Russia to support the Bolsheviks (Daniels, 110). On October 10 of 1917, Lenin made the decision to take power. He came secretly to Petrograd to try and disperse any hesitancies the Bolshevik leadership had over his demand for armed revolt. Against the opposition of two of Lenins long-time lieutenants, Zinovieiv and Kamenev, the Central Committee accepted Lenins resolution which formally instructed the party organizations to prepare for the seizure of power. Finally, of October 25 the Bolshevik revolution took place to overthrow the provisional government. They did so through the agency of the Military-Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. They forcibly overthrew the provisional government by taking over all of the government buildings, such as the post office, and big corporations, such as the power companies, the shipyard, the telephone company. The endorsement of the coup was secured from the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which was concurrently in session. This was known as the ?October Revolution? (Luttwak, 74) Through this, control of Russia was shifted to Lenin and the Bolsheviks. IN a quick series of decrees, the new ?soviet? government instituted a number of sweeping reforms, some long overdue and some quite revolutionary. They ranged from ?democratic? reforms, such as the disestablishment of the church and equality for the national minorities, to the recognition of the peasants land seizures and to openly socialist steps such as the nationalization of banks. The Provisional Governments commitment to the war effort was denounced. Four decrees were put into action. The first four from the Bolshevik Revolutionary Legislation were a decree on peace, a decree on land, a decree on the suppression of hostile newspapers, and a declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia (Stossenger, 130). .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .postImageUrl , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:visited , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:active { border:0!important; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:active , .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4 .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc38d2fcf9e9365957b52c8a67d1800c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: diabetes Essay By early 1918 the Bolshevik critics individually made their peace with Lenin, and were accepted back into the party and governmental leadership. At the same time, the Left and Soviet administration thus acquired the exclusively Communist character which it has had ever since. The Left SRs like the right SRs and the Mensheviks, continued to function in the soviets as a more or less legal opposition until the outbreak of large-scale civil war in the middle of 1918. At that point the opposition parties took positions which were either equally vocal or openly anti-Bolshevik, and one after another, they were suppressed. The Eastern Front had been relatively quiet during 1917, and shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution a temporary armstice was agreed upon. Peace negotiations were then begun at the Polish town of Brest-Litovsk, behind the German lines. In agreement with their earlier anti-imperialist line, the Bolshevik negotiators, headed by Trotsky, used the talks as a discussion for revolutionary propaganda, while most of the party expected the eventual return of war in the name of revolution. Lenin startled his followers in January of 1918 by explicitly demanding that the Soviet republic meet the German conditions and conclude a formal peace in order to win what he regarded as an indispensable ?breathing spell,? instead of shallowly risking the future of the revolution (Daniels, 135). Trotsky resigned as Foreign Commissar during the Brest-Litovsk crisis, but he was immediately appointed Commissar of Military Affairs and entrusted with the creation of a new Red Army to replace the old Russian army which had dissolved during the revolution. Many Communists wanted to new military force to be built up on strictly revolutionary principles, with guerrilla tactics, the election of officers, and the abolition of traditional discipline. Trotsky set himself emphatically against this attitude and demanded an army organized in the conventional way and employing ?military specialists? experienced officers from the old army. Hostilities between the Communists and the Whites, who were the groups opposed to the Bolsheviks, reached a decicive climax in 1919. Intervention by the allied powers on the side of the Whites almost brought them victory. Facing the most serious White threat led by General Denikin in Southern Russia, Lenin appealed to his followers for a supreme effort, and threatened ruthless repression of any opposition behind the lines. By early 1920 the principal White forces were defeated (Wren, 151). For three years the rivalry went on with the Whites capturing areas and killing anyone suspected of Communist practices. Even though the Whites had more soldiers in their army, they were not nearly as organized nor as efficient as the Reds, and therefore were unable to rise up (Farah, 582). Police action by the Bolsheviks to combat political opposition commenced with the creation of the ?Cheka.? Under the direction of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the Cheka became the prototype of totalitarian secret police systems, enjoying at critical times the right the right of unlimited arrest and summary execution of suspects and hostages. The principle of such police surveillance over the political leanings of the Soviet population has remained in effect ever since, despite the varying intensity of repression and the organizational changes of the police from Cheka to GPU (The State Political Administration) to NKVD (Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs) to MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) to the now well-known KGB (Committee for State Security) (Pipes, 140). Leninused his secret police in his plans to use terror to achieve his goals and as a political weapon against his enemies. Anyone opposed to the communist state was arrested. Many socialists who had backed Lenins revolution at first now had second thoughts. To escape punishment, they fled. By 1921 Lenin had strengthened his control and the White armies and their allies had been defeated (Farah, 582). Communism had now been established and Russia had become a socialist country. Russia was also given a new name: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This in theory meant that the means of production was in the hands of the state. The state, in turn, would build the future, classless society. But still, the power was in the hands of the party (Farah, 583). The next decade was ruled by a collective dictatorship of the top party leaders. At the top level individuals still spoke for themselves, and considerable freedom for factional controversy remained despite the principles of unity laid down in 1921. Works CitedDaniels, Robert V., A Documentary History of Communism. New York: Random House Publishing, 1960. Farah, Mounir, The Human Experience. Columbus: Bell Howess Co., 1990. Luttwak, Edward N., The Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union. New York: St. Martins Press, 1983. Pipes, Richard, Survival is Not Enough. New York: SS Publishing, 1975. Stoessinger, John G., Nations in Darkness. Boston: Howard Books, 1985. Wren, Christopher S., The End of the Line. San Francisco: Blackhawk Publishing, 1988.