Allyson Bowlds. April 7Th, 2017. Human Rights. Human Rights

Allyson Bowlds April 7th, 2017 Human Rights Human rights are considered universal because it is accepted that every person, regardless of gender, race, etc., is entitled to these rights. Therefore, all people must be treated equally, regarding every person being entitled to the same set of basic human rights. Human rights are indivisible. No individual right is more important than the other; no individual right can be emphasized or, on the other hand, ignored for any reason. Characterization as indivisible shows no preference to one human right over another; thus, human rights are better utilized when applied to a person or body of people. These set of ideas also apply to the interdependence of human rights. Each human right is connected†¦show more content†¦Forfeiting a right means the individual’s right(s) has been revoked, resulting from his/her wrong-doing regarding the right (Barcalow Rights, 156-157). From the 1920s to the 1990s Romani people were discriminated against in Germany, Czech Repub lic, Italy, Poland, Romania, and many other countries. Unjust acts such as: harsh punishment, exclusion, segregation from public businesses, refusal of services, and much more were imposed on the Romani people during this time. This was not a wrong-doing of the law enforcement at a local level, laws were passed preventing Romani people from even intermingling with non-Roma people when a wall was built dividing Romani from non-Romani people. Even storekeepers were forbidden from selling to the Romani. More disturbing than prevention of inhabiting freely amongst the communities, their education and image were marred by the stereotype that all Romani people did not deserve equal opportunity due to their ethnicity, language, and customs. Because these people did not speak the â€Å"accepted† dialect, they were deemed as ignorant and inferior; forced to attend school for the mentality disabled. In 2000, the ERRC (European Roma Rights Center) presented ample evidence of mistreatmen t of the Roma people at the United Nations Elimination of Racial Discrimination conference. The ERRC also reported that, as far as they were aware, no action against the government was taken. The police are standing by in sight of the mistreatment. (Barcalow

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A Case Study On Homosexuality - 1303 Words

Case Study Project: Assignment 1 For my case study, I have been assigned with a young adult male college student who over the Thanksgiving break came out as gay to his disapproving parents who had decided to kick him out of their house and forbid to help him pay for school. He is in between a rock and a hard place because he currently works twenty hours a week but is already behind on his current payments., Iif he doesn’t pay those bills soon he will be unable to register for his next semester classes. With this paper, I will examine the history of homosexuality in men and see how it was viewed back in much earlier times, when this identity began to arise more rapidly over time as well as any changes along the way, and how we as a society†¦show more content†¦Status concerns were also included as one of the most important factors for the Greeks, far much more than age or gender was. During this time period, only â€Å"free men† had full status, ultimately meaning that women and or male slaves were not considered problematic sexual partners. While sex between free men, however, was a major problem with regards to status. The distinction in ancient Greek sexual relations was souly based on taking an either active or insertive role, rather than a passive or penetrated one. The passive role was only acceptable for the inferiors, meaning only women, slaves, or young boys who were not considered citizens. The acceptance of this very popular lifestyle had taken a very drastic and rapid turn over the years to follow. People started to look at homosexuality as a sin and forbad it to be legal during the 19th century. Anti-gay rallies, protests, homophobic slurs, arrests for being gay, violent attacks, and even murders were extremely common and seen from all over, especially in America. A new term was then pinned to these â€Å"disgusting acts† and that sort of â€Å"way of life† it was called being â€Å"gay†. The word itself originates from 12th century England and was derived from the Old French word ‘gai’, which meat carefree or bright and showy. During the 1920’s era the meaning of the word shifted gears, a â€Å"gayShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality in Ha Jins the Bridegroom Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Homosexuality in Society Throughout the course of history, the topic of homosexuality and its acceptable behavior has been one of varying opinions and much heated debate. Although how tolerated homosexual behavior was all through history can differ depending on who your source is, most everyone can agree that a few large cultures were either strongly for, or against, homosexuality. One key player in the fight against homosexuality was the all-powerful England. The first English civilRead MoreIs Homosexuality Biologically Based Pro / Con Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesIs Homosexuality Biologically Based Pro/Con Introduction Society has always been able to cope with having two opinions about a situation. For example as we continue to debate over the issue of homosexuality, many sub-debates have come forward from this topic. For instance, debates of marriage, gay rights within the spectrum of laws and regulations all construct an ensuing point of debates amongst people (Slife, 2013, p. 160). In fact, the more powerful debate about homosexuality is the claim thatRead MoreSummary : Gay Gene 1382 Words   |  6 PagesCastillo October 6, 2014 Queer Studies 301 Professor Clements The â€Å"Gay Gene† When people utter the words â€Å"gay gene†, they are oversimplifying a concept that is much more complex, and has much more history than what the phrase is able to portray. The theory of the gay gene is over a hundred years old, and has seen a few iterations and specifications as to what it actually entails. Whether it holds true, or not, is yet to be seen, however, there has been many studies that may lend a helping handRead MoreThe Psychology Of Sexual Orientations934 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent sexual orientations didn’t get coined until the 19th and 20th centuries. And with these terms came huge stigma that still exists today. There are many different sexual orientations that people identify as (including heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, as well as many others); the orientations that do not coincide with what people viewed as normal were originally given classification as mental disorders. 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Windows Sql Server Database Design Essay - 8605 Words

Tasman International Academies Diploma in Information Technology (Level 7) ASSESSMENT: Windows SQL Server Database Design and Optimization STUDENT NAME:: RANJIT SINGH STUDENT ID :: 14112532 ASSESSOR NAME:: IMRAN SIDDIQUE DATE SUBMITTED:: 20/07/2015 SUBJECT:: ASSESSMENT (THEORY) Assessment: Task One Theoretical Questions Outcome 1 (1.1) Q1. Briefly explain following designing requirements that are required when designing the Hardware and Software infrastructure: a) Storage requirements A lot of considerations go into analyzing the storage requirements of a database server. In addition to the physical size of the database, you need to consider the transaction growth rate and data-distribution requirements. Some industries, particularly financial and healthcare institutions, are subject to requirements regarding data retention, storage, and security that must be taken into account in determining storage capacity. 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Jefferson and Rousseau Influences Free Essays

Thomas Jefferson considers himself a contributor to the Age of Enlightenment. Through many of his writings he expands on the philosophies of the great European writers of that era – Rousseau, Locke, Hume, and Leibniz. In â€Å"The Declaration of Independence,† Jefferson directly adopts several themes found in the work of French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. We will write a custom essay sample on Jefferson and Rousseau Influences or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rousseau’s â€Å"The Origin of Civil Society,† provides a foundation for most of Jefferson’s ideas in â€Å"The Declaration of Independence. In the opening of the â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† Jefferson lays out several main themes that reflect Rousseau’s concepts. Jefferson borrows from Rousseau’s thinking on equality and freedom when writing, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jefferson 80). Rousseau speaks of equality by disproving the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and Hugo Grotius. These men support the concept that â€Å"human race†¦ refers only to a small, select class of people – the ruling class] (Rousseau 60). Rousseau thinks that the philosophies of these men lack justification and that â€Å"All men are born free, and everywhere he is in chains† (Rousseau 59). All men are equal only until they give up their freedom and equality in exchange for comforts and protection in their lives. In other words, Rousseau says man is born free, but because of society man become less and less free. The government, and its laws bind the people down, but the people gain benefits from the government. Jefferson sees to Rousseau in justifying colonial claims to independence. Jefferson writes, â€Å"Whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jefferson 80). This reflects Rousseau’s thinking that, [the only foundation left for legitimate authority in human societies is Agreement] (Rousseau 61). Rousseau argues that all society exists because people have willingly granted rank and privilege to their ruler. When this agreement is broken, the ruling power is invalid. In â€Å"The Declaration of Independence,† Jefferson cites twenty-six examples of actions taken by the British monarchy that acts against the authority the American Colonies granted them. These form the basis of the declaration. Jefferson restates his thinking again saying, â€Å"A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be ruler of a free People. † (Jefferson 83). Jefferson indirectly borrows from Rousseau’s argument against Might into Right. Rousseau says that this thinking reverses the process of cause and effect. â€Å"So soon as we disobey without impunity, disobedience becomes legitimate. And, since the Mightiest is always right, it merely remains for us to become possessed of Might† (Rousseau 62). In this passage Rousseau contends that might, or strength, is not a moral sanction. Rousseau contends that â€Å"Right† to govern can change when it is compromised. Jefferson uses this same line of thinking to rationalize the separation of the colonies from the British crown. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new Guards for their future security† (Jefferson 80,81). Jefferson contends that the chain of abuses brought by the British crown has compromised their moral authority and therefore, their â€Å"Right† t o rule over the colonies. In Jefferson’s mind, the physical â€Å"Might† of the British is controversial in considering the colonies’ right to establish a new government. Interestingly, there is another opportunity for Jefferson to incorporate Rousseau’s philosophies into the declaration. Rousseau talks about slavery as an institution in â€Å"The Origin of Civil Society. † The original draft of the Declaration refers to the British crown’s introduction of slavery in the United States as one of the immoral principles justifying independence from the monarchy. In other words, â€Å"one of the fundamental paradoxes of Jefferson’s personal and political life has been his attitude toward slavery. † (Jacobus77). Jefferson’s position and actions on slavery have become the most controversial aspects of his legacy. It is not surprising that Rousseau’s philosophies lead to the beginnings of both the American and French revolution. Jefferson and the other members of the Continental Congress have become capable of molding these thoughts into a document that will act as a philosophical outline for the founding of the United States. The Declaration of Independence allows the founding fathers an opportunity to build on some of the Puritan ethics of the founding new How to cite Jefferson and Rousseau Influences, Papers

Social Impact Assessment in Decision Making †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Impact Assessment in Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Environmental assessment is criteria that the government has mandatory to improve the effect of any project before their development. Any project before the initiation requires to assess the impact. This includes risk assessment, cultural and hazard assessment, economic affect assessment and policy evaluation (Grieco et al. 2015). The scheme has been developed by US government in 1970 (Smith 2014). The environmental assessment includes the monitoring and evaluation of the companys latest projects. The three element of this evaluation are public policy, health and education initiatives and international impact assessments. In Australia Newcastle City Council and potential issues, policies created the first Consultative Panel and actions were taken based on the models and theoretical framework of Social Impact theories (Prenzel and Vanclay 2014). There are two kinds of approach to SIA, The technical approach and political approach. Both are simultaneously important to consider before the planning process of the project. The most important social impact assessment theory is Actor-Network Theory (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). The projects of development are mostly initiated for governmental to create a difference in the lifestyle of general people by intervening, transforming and enforcing. The most important part of the projects is to execute without any hindrance. The wellbeing of individuals are of priority and thus by monitoring and evaluating the impact before making a decision is needed action for developers. Like risk assessment takes into consideration the chances of success, the SIA takes care of major ethics of developing a project (Hildebrandt et al. 2014). The happenings of people and impact of the project is positive or negative is assessed in the planning stage of a project. Action, interaction, change and impact are the main elements of this theory (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). Different stages in project development It should be ensured that the identified variables of those that are involved in projects, be it directly or indirectly, are measurable. The human population and community involved (workers, employers and their favmilies0, political resources, social resources, environmental resources (Becker 2014). Population characteristics of the region of the place the project is getting developed presents the change in ethnic, influxes as well as outflows of temporary residents. If the project is developed and the region is not suitable for the population, there would be consequences and unwanted expenses to bear (Smith 2014). Community and industrial development must be in accord with the project development plan and execution. The whole system must have capacity for industrial change and voluntary association for that can relate to each other. Thus, the harmony is needed before forming the plan (Smyth and Vanclay 2017). Individual and family changes were very important for the stakeholders involved in the project. Community resources and social resources are essential part of project planning to consider. As an industry cannot run without the resources that are needed to fulfil the work (Hildebrandt et al. 2014). The aspects where social variables affects the life of people and should be considered while decision making The way of peoples life in the society, that is how they live, work, play and interact with other people. The social or individual culture of people, the religion, values, language diversity or dialect of people The political systems of the project and level of democracy in the environment is a major aspect to consider for the purpose of betterment of the project as well as the conceptualisation of the social impacts The health and well-being of the people need to be taken into consideration Disadvantage of violation of the human rights by any means (Epstein and Buhovac 2014) Standard of making the SIA in Australia The Australian government has standards and sub standards of social impact assessment rules and regulations that seek for fulfilment of the policies. The main objective of this policy is to have direct impact assessment team and detail statement of the impact Enhance the consistency, transparency and councils assessment of social issues Assist the staff to improve their assessments of development of projects (Becker 2014) The key principles for assessing the social impact for having data to help in decision-making To have minimum necessary information to avoid the complexity in decision making List of positive as well as the negative impacts in environmental aspects. This will be useful in construction and operation Participation of the people and social groups that have potential impact of the project development Practical and action focused statement of the assessment of the project requirement that is related to the assessments. Least of all the health, productivity and diversity of the environment should be given more emphasis in order to analyse the impact in the life of people who are involved The fear and aspiration of the perception of the physical safety and adequacy of the sanitation also comes under the impact (Arce-Gomez et al. 2015) The nature of SIA policies that includes the international context is to help make better decisions and also mitigating the implementation programs harmful effect and maximising the output of the productivity (Karami et al. 2017). SIA is a complementary activity to economic development. It increases the sustainability of the planned project. The agencies and professional have different context of executing this task in order to commit to the sustainability, integrity, equity and fairness of human rights as well as advocates the accountability and openness of the ethics. It also adds value to the system (Franks and Vanclay 2013). The major activities that are included in the SIA are It participates in the planned intervention It also identifies interested and people who are affected by the project development Documents and analysis of the historical settings of the site and what has affected before Social profiling of the stakeholders impact of assessment and process Assessment of the process that needs to be identified (Karami et al. 2017) Assist in the process of selecting the site Assessments of the evaluation process is known as the major activity of developing a project (Franks and Vanclay 2013) The recommendation regarding the process is needed for mitigating the measure that are taken in development stage The project needs to be in harmony with the development and capacity building in community Appropriate coordination and arrangements in the non-mitigatable impacts The mentoring and management programs should be assisted (Glasson et al. 2013) Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussions it can be concluded that Social Impact Theory is one of the most important part of making a project sustain in the economy. The main concern in the development of project is to meet the ultimate goal set by management programs and without analysing the impact of the project in social environment. The scope is covered by studying people with different background. The reliability of the project also depends upon the extension sustainability factor. The social exchange theory is based on the relevant issues that are identified in the actor network theory. The economist links the development of the complex process and each development activities listed above affects well-being of the peoples lives. It is essential for decision makers to maximise the benefit and outcome of the project, thus efforts must be given in developing the policies of social impact after assessment. References Arce-Gomez, A., Donovan, J.D. and Bedggood, R.E., 2015. Social impact assessments: Developing a consolidated conceptual framework.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,50, pp.85-94. Becker, H., 2014.Social impact assessment: method and experience in Europe, North America and the developing world. Routledge. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Franks, D.M. and Vanclay, F., 2013. Social Impact Management Plans: Innovation in corporate and public policy.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,43, pp.40-48. Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A., 2013.Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. Grieco, C., Michelini, L. and Iasevoli, G., 2015. Measuring value creation in social enterprises: A cluster analysis of social impact assessment models.Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly,44(6), pp.1173-1193. Hildebrandt, L. and Sandham, L.A., 2014. Social impact assessment: The lesser sibling in the South African EIA process?.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,48, pp.20-26. Karami, S., Karami, E., Buys, L. and Drogemuller, R., 2017. System dynamic simulation: A new method in social impact assessment (SIA).Environmental Impact Assessment Review,62, pp.25-34. Prenzel, P.V. and Vanclay, F., 2014. How social impact assessment can contribute to conflict management.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,45, pp.30-37. Smith, L.G., 2014.Impact assessment and sustainable resource management. Routledge. Smyth, E. and Vanclay, F., 2017. The Social Framework for Projects: a conceptual but practical model to assist in assessing, planning and managing the social impacts of projects.Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal,35(1), pp.65-80.

Juvenile Delinquency (3043 words) Essay Example For Students

Juvenile Delinquency (3043 words) Essay Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile Delinquency 4 The current statistics of juvenile delinquency are astounding. I will look at the most recent statistics and a few of the programs implemented to reduce or prevent delinquency. Before delving to deep into juvenile delinquency it is important to consider the definitions of â€Å"juvenile† and â€Å"delinquent†. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary gives two definitions of â€Å"juvenile†: 1. Showing incomplete development, and 2. A young person; one below the legally established age of adulthood (1997). Merriam-Webster defines â€Å"delinquent† as: offending by neglect or violation of duty or law (1997). As a complete definition of juvenile delinquent it is safe to repeat â€Å"a person below the established age of adulthood that offends by neglect or violation of duty or law (1997)†. The history of juvenile delinquency had harsh beginnings. Children were viewed as non-persons until the 1700’s(Rice 1995). They did not receive special treatment or recognition. Discipline then is what we now call abuse. It was believed that life was hard, and you had to be hard to survive. The people of that time in history did not have the conveniences that we take for granted. For example, the medical practices of that day were primitive in comparison to present-day medicine. Marriages were more for convenience, rather than for childbearing or romance. The infant and child mortality rate was also very high. It did not make sense to the parents in those days to create an emotional bond with children when there was a strong chance that the children would not survive until adulthood (1995). At the end of the 18th century, â€Å"The Enlightenment† appeared as a new cultural transition. People began to see children as flowers, who needed nurturing in order to Juvenile Delinquency 5bloom. It was the invention of childhood, love and nurturing instead of beatings to stay in line (1995). Children had finally begun to emerge as a distinct group. It started with the upper class, who were allowed to attend colleges and universities. Throughout all time there has been delinquency. It may not have had the delinquency label, but it still existed. In ancient Britain, children at the age of seven were tried, convicted, and punished as adults. There was no special treatment for them; a hanging was a hanging. Juvenile crime is mentioned as far back as ancient Sumeria and Hammurabi, where laws concerning juvenile offenders first appear in written form (1995). Industrialization set into motion the processes needed for modern juvenile delinquency. The country had gone from agriculture to machine based labor intensive production. Subsistence farming quickly turned into profit making (1995). People who were displaced from their farm work because of machinery were migrating to the city to find work. This led to urbanization in such places as Chicago, which in turn caused the cities to burst at the seams (1995). There was also a huge increase in the amount of movable goods that were produced and these moveable goods were easy to steal. The stealing of these goods made property crime rise tremendously in these urban centers. The wealth of the upper class increased, and stealing became a way of living (1995). These large urban centers also created another problem. The work place was now separated from the home and during the hard times both parents took jobs. There was also very little for the youths to do, especially when school was not in session. It was then that youths were becoming Juvenile Delinquency 6increasingly unsupervised. These youths were largely unemployed and without supervision, and with movable goods easily available, stealing became a way of life. The huge influx of people to these urban areas overwhelmed society (1995). The factories could not keep up, and unemployment became a factor, which led to widespread poverty. Poorhouses were created to keep youthful offenders away from trouble. The idea behind them was to take the children of the â€Å"dangerous (1995) † classes out of their â€Å"dangerous environment (1995).† Kids who were thought to be salvageable needed to be saved. The majority of these children were rounded up for the crime of being poor, not because they committed a crime. These houses, sometimes referred to as reform schools, were very harsh. This was contradictory to the ideas that they needed nurturing and love. In New York, houses of refuge were created to do the same. The houses eventually became overfilled, and children were sent out West as indentured servants. As many as 50,000 children were shipped out (1995). Some of the children were never allowed to have contact with their parents again. Industrialization and urbanization played a tremendous role in the modern era of juvenile delinquency. A lot of these factors are true today. Many more farms are going bankrupt. Unemployment is still a factor with the youth of today. We are a culture that values material wealth over and above all (1995). Youth who have no money to live the way they want will often turn to crime as a way to satisfy themselves. As our nation changes, the way in which juveniles are treated will also have to change. The current trends in juvenile delinquency have an impact on how we view the problem. Juvenile Delinquency 7The number of juvenile arrests has been declining. In 1971, 21% of all arrests were juveniles. A lot of this change has to do with the declining teenage population. There are 6 million fewer teenagers today than 20 years ago (1995). Property crime in the United States has been fairly stable; there has been a 3% increase between 1982 and 1991. Violent crime has seen a tremendous increase. Since 1965, juvenile arrests have doubled for rape (11:100,00 in 1965 to 22: 100,00 in 1991). Crime is generally a young person’s game. Property crime peaks at age 16, violent crime peaks at age 18. All crime drops off dramatically at about age 30. There are some disturbing trends such as: More than 500 kids under age 12 were arrested for rape in 1991. These statistics should be viewed with caution. For example, some of these figures were estimated, the official numbers may be less disturbing, or even underestimated (1995). With an increased emphasis on juveniles, more en forcement and less discretion equal higher figures. There is also a problem with data being â€Å"fudged (1995)† in order to justify an increase in resources. Falcon Baker writes that â€Å"†¦crime statistics are at best only educated guesses, and all too often are tainted by political expediency, sloppy record keeping, and outright deception† (1991). Contrary to the â€Å"negative publicity, relatively few children come before the juvenile court† (Downs, Moore, McFadden, Costin, 1991). Of the 29.9 million youths aged 10 through 17 in the United States in 1995, only 2.7 million, or less that 10 percent, were arrested for delinquent acts, including status offenses. Violent crimes (murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) accounted for 5 percent of all juvenile Juvenile Delinquency 8arrests. The ages of youths at the time of arrest for all crimes were as follows: 23 percent were 17 years of age; 68 percent were 13 through 16 years of age, and 9 percent were less than 13 years of age. The racial composition was 69 percent white, 28 percent black, 1 percent Native American and 2 percent Asian (1991). In doing research on juvenile crime one will find the body of evidence overwhelming. It is at times contradictory and often confusing, but there are some statistics that jump out at you as you sift your way through reports and books. Often the most compelling statistics are not the ones that appear in newspapers, or on television, radio and speeches that seem to take place almost continuously. According to a report issued last year titled Violent Crime Increases, and prepared for the National Report on Juvenile offending and Victimization shows that between 1965 and 1992 law enforcement agencies reported a 423% increase in the four crimes that make up the FBI’s Violent Crime Index (assault, robbery, rape and homicide) (Abruzzese 1997). The report also includes that in the period from 1983 to 1992 it increased only 54%. A few additional points are that in 1992 law enforcement agencies in over 92% of all jurisdictions reported that 45% of violent crimes, as measured by the index, were â€Å"cleared† (1997). However, more than half (55%) were not â€Å"cleared† (1997), so half of all violent crimes were not solved. Also 19% (or 128,000) of the violent crimes committed between 1983 and 1992 is attributable to juvenile offenders (1997). Juvenile Delinquency 9In a report titled â€Å"Person Offenses in Juvenile Court† from the October 1994 OJJDP some interesting statistics were given. From 1985 to 1994, person offenses including assault, robbery, rape and homicide, increases by 93% with juvenile courts handling an estimated 336,100 person offense cases. Person offenses also accounted for a larger proportion of cases, 22% in 1995 compared with 16% in 1985. And, finally, of the 336,100 person offenses handled by the juvenile courts in 1994, over half were dismissed, 3 percent were proc essed as adults, 24 percent incarcerated and the remainder were on probation or some other alternative program. WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN AND HIS MARCH TO THE SEA William Tecumseh She EssayPeter Greenwood and Susan Turner (1993) assessed the Paint Creek Youth Center in Ohio. The main goal of this center is to provide high quality tailored programming. There was a three-day orientation program and an aftercare program to assist in the transition back to society. The youths received classes and formal counseling instead of locked up in a cell. They were part of a community. While at the center youths earned privileges as they progressed. Among the privileges were being allowed a paying job, family visits at the center, and weekends at home. The uniqueness of this program was the emphasis on tailored treatment. Instead of being lumped into groups, the youths are counseled individually. This allowed the counselors and youths to benefit from the program. Greenwood and Turner concluded that the aftercare program had a modest effect on post-release arrests and behavior. More cognitive/behavioral eff ort was needed in the aftercare. They also determined that this alternative shows promise, and that more attention should be paid to the youths’ prosocial behavior when they return to the community. Haghighi and Lopez (1993) evaluated the success/failure of group home treatment programs for juveniles. The two factors used in the analysis were evaluations from program staff and the reappearance of the juvenile in the juvenile justice system after release. Juvenile Delinquency 13 Haghighi and Lopez found that 62.5% of the juveniles were rated as successful. The rest either failed, were sent to another facility, or committed another delinquent act after release. Juveniles with prior treatment, such as probation, were more successful than those with no treatment or with time spent in a juvenile detention center. Galaway, et al. (1995) wrote an article that claimed family homes for emotionally or psychiatrically impaired youth might have hidden benefits for delinquents. Family care providers were said to be able to manage delinquents in a home setting and that their behavior will improve. The study was composed of 220 U.S., 18 Canadian, and 28 U.K. programs. Less than half of these programs served delinquents. It was reported that 41% of delinquent youth completed the programs, 12% were administratively discharged, 14% showed no progress and the rest were discharged due to breakdown of the youth or foster family. The average length of sta y was 7.5 months. They determined that foster family care may be a viable alternative for delinquents and could be used more often. It is sometimes the case that youth are placed in the wrong setting (jail) because there is no alternative. In closing, we are all aware of after school programs and community based services such as Boys and Girls Clubs. They provide a safe haven for children to go where they can build self-esteem, pro-social values and productive futures. Communities and organizations do what they can, some with the help of Title V grants under â€Å"Delinquency Prevention Programs.† However, as long as a disproportionate amount funding goes to deal with problems after they have occurred, there will remain limited resources to prevent their occurring (Wilber 1998). â€Å"Let us not in our concern about Juvenile Delinquency 14juvenile violence forget that they are just that-children. These are our children and they need our attention and concern before they get into serious trouble, as well as after† (1998). Juvenile Delinquency 15ReferencesAbruzzese, G. (1997). Juvenile Crime: Approaching the Millennium. Delinquency now, 1 (5), pp.5. Retrieved March 5, 2000 from Ebsco Database (MUONLINE) on the World Wide Web: http://www.ebsco.comBaker, F. (1991). Saving Our Kids from Delinquency, Drugs, and Despair. New York: Cornelia Michael Bessie Books. Downs, S., Moore, E., McFadden, J., Costin, L. (1991). Child Welfare andFamily Services. Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. Galaway, B., et al. (1995). Specialized foster family care for delinquent youth. Federal Probation 59 (March): 19-27. Greenwood, P., Turner, S. (1993). Evaluation of the Paint Creek YouthCenter: a residential program for serious delinquents. Criminology31 (May): 19-27. Haghighi, B., Lopez, A. (1993). Success/Failure of group home treatmentPrograms for juveniles. Federal Probation 57 (Sept): 53-58. McNeece, C., Roberts, A. (1997). Policy Practice in the Justice System. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers. Mish, F. (Ed.). (1997). Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Incorporated. Wilber, S. (1998) Can Prevention Programs Stem the Tide of Delinquency? 3(3), pp. 3. Retrieved March 5, 2000 from EBSCO database Juvenile Delinquency 16(MUONLINE) on the World Wide Web: http://www.ebsco.com Social Issues